What Is Orthodontics?
Orthodontics is one of twelve recognized dental specialties. It focuses on the alignment of teeth and the relationship between the upper and lower jaws. When teeth are crooked, crowded, spaced too far apart, or the jaws do not line up correctly, orthodontic treatment can move the teeth into better positions and correct the bite.
Orthodontic problems are sometimes called malocclusions, which simply means "bad bite." A malocclusion can make it harder to chew food, clean your teeth, and speak clearly. It can also contribute to uneven wear on the teeth, jaw pain, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) issues over time. Orthodontic treatment addresses these functional problems while also improving the appearance of the teeth and smile.
What Does an Orthodontist Treat?
Orthodontists treat a range of conditions related to tooth alignment and jaw position. Here are the most common issues that bring patients to an orthodontic practice.
Bite Problems (Malocclusions)
- Overbite: The upper front teeth overlap the lower front teeth too much vertically
- Underbite: The lower front teeth sit in front of the upper front teeth
- Crossbite: Some upper teeth sit inside the lower teeth instead of outside, which can occur on one or both sides
- Open bite: The upper and lower front teeth do not touch when the back teeth are closed together
- Overjet: The upper front teeth protrude forward horizontally beyond the lower teeth (sometimes called "buck teeth")
Tooth Alignment Issues
- Crowding: Not enough space in the jaw for all the teeth, causing them to overlap or twist
- Spacing: Gaps between the teeth, which may result from missing teeth, small teeth, or a large jaw
- Rotated or tilted teeth: Individual teeth that are turned or angled out of their normal position
- Midline misalignment: The center of the upper and lower teeth do not line up with each other
Types of Orthodontic Treatment
Orthodontists have several tools for moving teeth, and the best option depends on the specific problem being treated, the patient's age, and personal preferences.
Traditional Metal Braces
Metal braces are the most widely used orthodontic treatment. They consist of small metal brackets bonded to the front of each tooth, connected by a metal wire. The wire applies gentle, continuous pressure that gradually moves the teeth into their target positions. Metal braces are effective for all types of orthodontic problems, from mild crowding to complex bite corrections.
Modern metal braces are significantly smaller and more comfortable than older designs. Colored elastic bands can be added to the brackets, which is popular with younger patients. Treatment with metal braces typically takes 12 to 24 months, though complex cases may take longer.
Ceramic Braces
Ceramic braces work the same way as metal braces but use tooth-colored or clear brackets that blend in with the teeth. They are less noticeable than metal braces, making them a popular choice for adults and older teenagers who want a more subtle appearance. Ceramic brackets are slightly larger than metal ones and can stain if not cared for properly.
Clear Aligners
Clear aligners are a series of custom-made, removable plastic trays that fit snugly over the teeth. Each set of aligners is worn for about 1 to 2 weeks before being replaced with the next set in the series, gradually shifting the teeth into alignment. Invisalign is the most well-known brand, but several other systems are available.
Clear aligners are nearly invisible when worn, can be removed for eating and brushing, and are generally comfortable. They work well for mild to moderate crowding, spacing, and certain bite issues. However, they may not be the best choice for complex orthodontic problems that require more precise tooth control.
Lingual Braces
Lingual braces are placed on the back (tongue side) of the teeth, making them invisible from the front. They function the same way as traditional braces but are custom-made to fit the inner tooth surfaces. Lingual braces are an option for patients who want the effectiveness of braces without the visible appearance. They tend to cost more and can be harder to clean.
Other Orthodontic Appliances
Orthodontists also use appliances like palatal expanders (to widen the upper jaw in growing children), headgear (to modify jaw growth), space maintainers (to hold space for permanent teeth after early loss of baby teeth), and retainers (to keep teeth in position after active treatment ends).
When Should You See an Orthodontist?
Orthodontic treatment is available at any age, but the timing of the first evaluation matters, especially for children.
Children and Early Evaluation
The American Association of Orthodontists recommends that every child have an orthodontic evaluation by age 7. This does not mean treatment starts at 7. At this age, the orthodontist can identify developing problems with jaw growth and emerging teeth early, when some issues are easier to correct.
Most children who need orthodontic treatment begin between ages 9 and 14, when most of the permanent teeth have come in. In some cases, early intervention (Phase 1 treatment) between ages 7 and 10 can address specific problems like crossbites or severe crowding before they become more difficult to treat.
Teenagers and Adults
Teenagers are the most common age group for orthodontic treatment, as most permanent teeth are in place and the jaw is still growing. Treatment at this age can take advantage of natural growth patterns.
Adults can also benefit from orthodontic treatment. The biological process of tooth movement works the same way at any age. Treatment may take somewhat longer in adults because the bone is denser, but the results are the same. About one in four orthodontic patients today is an adult.
How Long Does Orthodontic Treatment Take?
The length of orthodontic treatment depends on the severity of the problem, the type of treatment used, the patient's age, and how well the patient follows instructions (such as wearing rubber bands or aligners as directed).
As a general guide, mild cases may be completed in 6 to 12 months. Moderate cases typically take 12 to 18 months. Complex cases involving significant bite correction may take 18 to 30 months. After active treatment ends, you will wear a retainer to keep your teeth in their new positions. Most orthodontists recommend wearing a retainer long-term to prevent teeth from shifting back.
Orthodontic Treatment Cost and Insurance
Orthodontic costs depend on the type of treatment, the complexity of the case, and your geographic location. Costs vary by location, provider, and case complexity.
As a general guide, traditional metal braces typically cost $3,000 to $7,000. Ceramic braces range from $4,000 to $8,000. Clear aligners typically cost $3,000 to $8,000. Lingual braces are the most expensive option, ranging from $8,000 to $10,000 or more.
Many dental insurance plans include orthodontic coverage, often with a lifetime maximum benefit of $1,000 to $3,000. This coverage is more commonly available for children under 18 than for adults. Most orthodontic offices offer monthly payment plans that spread the cost over the length of treatment, often with no interest.
Orthodontist vs. General Dentist
All orthodontists are dentists, but not all dentists are orthodontists. An orthodontist has completed 2 to 3 years of full-time residency training beyond dental school, focused exclusively on tooth movement, jaw alignment, and facial development. This additional training provides the expertise to treat complex cases that go beyond straightforward tooth straightening.
Some general dentists offer clear aligner treatment for mild cases. For anything beyond mild crowding or spacing, or if you have a bite problem that needs correction, an orthodontist's specialized training is important. You can learn more about orthodontists on our orthodontics specialty page at /specialties/orthodontics.
Find an Orthodontist Near You
Whether you are looking for treatment for yourself or your child, an orthodontist can evaluate your needs and recommend the best approach. Every orthodontist on My Specialty Dentist has verified specialty credentials. Search by location to find orthodontists in your area and schedule a consultation.
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